Adjective Order - Definition and Examples in Grammar

In English grammar, adjective order is the customary order in which two or more adjectives appear in front of a noun phrase. Although adjective order in English isnt random, ordering relations . . . are tendencies rather than rigid rules. (David Dennison, Cambridge History of the English Language) Examples and Observations (a) Very smart little gold-plated collar pins come in various designs.(Marion C. Taylor, Shopping for the Smart Set. The Smart Set, December 1911)(b) Stanley was the little smart one whom we went to for authoritative answers.(Philip Zimbardo, The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. Random House, 2007)(a) This brave old man and his sons were amongst the first to hear and heed the trumpet of freedom calling them to battle.(Frederick Douglas, Life and Times of Frederick Douglas, 1881)(b) This is the roadstead all of boardreached by the sailorwearing the watchthat tells the timeof the old, brave manthat lies in the house of Bedlam.(Elizabeth Bishop, Visits to St. Elizabeths. Partisan Review, Spring 1957)[A] brave young man and a brave old man are acceptable, but *brave blond man is not. Both young and old help specify the meaning of brave (brave young ... suggests taking risks, and brave old . . . suggests enduring, perhaps), but brave blond... is odd because it has no appropriate meaning elements to specify the sense of brave.(Jim Feist, Premodifiers in English: Their Structure and Significance. Cambridge University Press, 2012) The order of adjectives in English is not rand om; different types of adjectives occur in a certain order. The exception to this is with adjectives of general description and those of physical state (size, shape, color), where their order may be reversed. ( 16a) They own an enormous, long-handled cutting knife.( 16b) They own a long-handled, enormous cutting knife.( 17a) She has a round yellow sofa.( 17b) She has a yellow round sofa. When the adjective order is reversed, as in the sentences above, the speaker generally wants to emphasize or draw attention to the first adjective in the sequence.Native speakers and highly proficient non-native speakers know intuitively the order in which adjectives should occur when more than one is used. . . . However, the order of a string of adjectives is something that ESL/EFL learners need to learn.   (Andrea DeCapua, Grammar for Teachers: A Guide to American English for Native and Non-Native Speakers. Springer, 2008) The Order of Limiting and Descriptive Adjectives When limiting and descriptive adjectives appear together, the limiting adjectives precede the descriptive adjectives, with the articles usually in the first position: The ten yellow taxis were sold at auction.[article ( The), limiting adjective ( ten), descriptive adjective ( yellow)] (Gerald J. Alred, Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu, The Business Writers Handbook, 9th ed. Macmillan, 2010) The Order of Adjectives in a Series Sometimes adjectives appear in a string; when they do, they must appear in a particular order according to category.Adjective appear in the following order: 1. Determiners-- articles and other limiters . . .2. Observation--postdeterminers and limiter adjectives and adjectives subject to subjective measure . . .3. Size and shape--adjectives subject to objective measure . . .4. Age--adjectives describing age . . .5. Color--adjectives describing color . . .6. Origin--adjectives denoting the source of the noun . . .7. Material--adjectives describing what something is made of . . .8. Qualifier--final limiter that is often part of the noun . . . (Kevin Wilson and Jennifer Wauson, The AMA Handbook of Business Writing: The Ultimate Guide to Style, Grammar, Punctuation, Usage, Construction, and Formatting. AMACOM, 2010) Norms and Variations Adjectives have mutual ordering relations which are tendencies rather than rigid rules: big brown bag is a more likely ordering than brown big bag. Over the entire recorded history of English there have been some changes here--compare Chaucers the old pore mans deth--but in our period there seems to be little chronological variation. We find such examples as ( 93a) but indeed that little foolish Woman has made me very uneasy.(1789 Betsy Sheridan, Journal 60 p. 171 ([15 June])( 93b) you little ungrateful puss(1848 Gaskell, Mary Barton vi.87)( 93c) Mrs Lee is a little timid woman(1850 Gaskell, Letters 70 p. 112 [26 April])( 93d) they came into the little interesting criss-crossy streets that held the most interesting shops of all(1906 Nesbit, Amulet i.18)( 94a) Then there is an old curious seat of the Marquis of Northampton(1838 Gaskell, Letters 12 p. 28 [18 August])( 94b) down some old mysterious stone steps(1841 ibid. 15 p. 820)( 95) in order to find the knitting old woman [some old woman who was famous . . . for her skill in knitting woolen stockings](1851-3 Gaskell, Cranford xi.101) In (93) we might expect little to come one place further to the right in PDE [present-day English], likewise old in (94), while knitting in (95) would probably come next to the head noun. Of course, isolated oddities do not in themselves show a difference in the language system, since at any period there has been freedom to violate the norms of adjectival order.(David Dennison, Syntax. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume 4, ed. by Suzanne Romaine. Cambridge University Press, 1998) Idiomatic Placement of Adjectives Harper 1975, 1985 points out that some precisians--nit-pickers is Harpers word--object to the illogical placement of adjectives in such expressions as a hot cup of coffee, a brand-new pair of shoes. The argument is that its the coffee thats hot, the shoes that are brand-new. . . . Harper points out that the placement of these adjectives is idiomatically correct, so the nitpickers may be ignored.(Merriam-Websters Dictionary of English Usage. Merriam-Webster, 1994) Semantic Factors Affecting Adjective Order In most publications that discuss adjective order, the semantics of the adjectives is presented as the main factor determining their ordering, although phonological and pragmatic factors (like euphony, idiomacy and emphasis) are generally thought to have some influence as well. The publications do not agree, however, on the nature of the semantic factor that is responsible for the order of the adjectives. Biber et al. (1999) argue that (English) adjectives expressing inherent features have to stand closer to the noun than those expressing non-inherent features (e.g. a new red ball). Martin (1969), Posner (1986) and Sproat and Shih (1988), on the other hand, assume that the crucial factor for adjective ordering is their (in)dependence on comparison (i.e. the degree in which recognition of the feature asks for comparison with other objects). They argue that the less dependent on the comparison, the nearer the adjective is placed to the noun. Hetzron (1978) and Risselada (1984), in thei r turn, suppose that the subjectivity/objectivity of the adjectives controls their position: the more objective the quality expressed by the adjective (i.e. the more a matter of recognition instead of opinion), the closer to the noun it has to be expressed (e.g. a nice green shirt, *a green nice shirt). Wulff (2003), finally, concludes on the basis of a statistical corpus analysis that various factors affect adjective ordering, of which (in)dependence on the comparison, affective load and the subjectivity/objectivity of the adjective are most influential.(Stà ©phanie J. Bakker, The Noun Phrase in Ancient Greek. Brill, 2009) Also Known As: order of adjectives, adjectival order

My Job Title Was A Strategic Finance Intern Essay

For my internship this semester I worked in the financial department at Steelcase Inc. I had a wide variety of duties and responsibilities, and I was constantly trying to learn as much as I possibly could. My job title was a Strategic Finance Intern, so my duties revolved around strategic decision making for the company. I worked closely with the multiple groups including Corporate Strategy and Product Development. However, I worked specifically in the Steelcase’s New Business Innovation group, so I was in charge maintaining the financial spending for that department. I worked with the two startups companies that Steelcase has developed internally, by helping them make strategic growth decisions based off of the financial analysis I had done. On top of that, I was also in charge of planning and forecasting for the months ahead and as of right now, I am in the middle of planning for the next fiscal year. 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Communication Technology and Change

Question: Discuss about theCommunication Technology and Change. Answer: Introduction The process of communication is defined as a two-way procedure of reaching mutual understanding where the participants encode and decode the information along with their feelings, news and ideas (WISE, 2006). In addition to this, the process of communication also helps in sharing and creating meaning. In other words, it can be said that the procedure of communication helps in connecting people. Moreover, it has been found that there are various types of communication technologies and in various aspects like among friendship, business personnel different types of communication technologies are utilized. For example, all horizontal, vertical and diagonal communication technologies are utilized within business and among friendship assemblages, only horizontal communication takes place. Communication technology is defined as the activity that helps in constructing, designing and maintaining the systems of communication. It has been found that there are various types of communication tech nologies, these include email, instant messaging, texting, video conferencing, social networking, blogging and tweeting (Rosenfeld Kak, 2014). Additionally, it has been noted that the resources of these technologies have make it possible to communicate among the people. Among the business people, different modes of communication are utilized, these include email, social media and project management software. On the other hand, the effective modes of communication that are mostly utilized among the friendship assemblages include social networking sites, email, text messaging, face-to-face communication and telephonic communication (Horst Miller, 2013). Analysis- Friendship Assemblage It has been found that among all the modes of communication, nowadays, most of the communication among the friendship assemblages takes place through social networking sites. Social networking is a particular practice of enhancing the social contacts between the people by making connections among various individuals through the various sites of social media like Twitter, Google+, LinkedIn and Facebook (Tiidenberg Cruz, 2015). Based on the idea of the six degree of division that includes the design of connecting any two populace on the earth through a continuous sequence of no more than total five intermediaries, the social networking creates online communities that are interrelated. It has been found that the social graphs help the individuals to make contact as this should act as good for them (Horst Miller, 2013). Additionally, based on the platform of the social media, the individuals would be capable to contact other individuals who are the members. Moreover, the social networ king sites help the members to contact any other members with whom they have connections. It has been noted that along with the platforms of the social media, the capability of collaboration and communal interaction has increasingly created for business applications (Rainie et al., 2013). However, it has been found that the societal medium and the communal networking sites have changed the process of communication between the people. This has made the information and communication travel faster than earlier period of time, and this has made the world much smaller to people as the social network sites help to communicate and connect people across the world in few seconds. Therefore, this particular change has changed the mode of communication across the world. It has been noted that prior to the implementation of the social media, people were extremely limited in case of communicating and interacting with others. In earlier period, people used to be connected with limited numbers of people whom they knew in-person (Pratt et al., 2012). In those days, people have to wait long for receiving a letter. Even people have to wait longer than a week for receiving any pictures that have been sent by an individual through post. Therefore, it can be said that both the social media and the internet has changed the way of communicating and interacting with the people drastically across the world (Moorhead et al., 2013). In this current stage, social networking sites have become preferred options among the teenagers. Social networking sites are one of the easy ways for socializing online. Questions arise in thinking regarding the contour of companionship in and from side to side mediate spaces communicating in an informal way (Slack Wise, 2005). On the contrary, existing research on online acquaintance takes into software-sensitive advance. Addition to that, with close reading, it involves variety of socio-technical process whereby friendship is activated with use of Facebook (McDaniel et al., 2012). This involves registering, profile making as well as finding friends and communicating in an informal way. It reveals the facts regarding gathering of heterogeneous elements including both humans as well as non-humans. Therefore, attempts have been made in showing the traditional notion of friendship for creation of equals as well as free from structural constraints. It applies with the realm of social networking sites like software. This majorly increases assisting users for undertaking certain choices who will be their friends (Lin Atkin, 2014). Social network sites like Facebook, Twitter in addition to MySpace are some of the powerful marketing as well as communication tools. It is believed using these channels of communication can communicate with customers in an excellent way (Munir Phillips, 2005). These are some of the websites offering small as well as medium-sized business in accessing clients as affordable in the near future. It is essential in managing the Social Networking Tools for gaining relevant communications for responding comments in timely way. It adds contents to the page as well as keeping customers with updated information in new and exciting way (Horst Miller, 2013). Social Networking helps business in gaining contacts as well as clients and increased public awareness (Fuchs et al., 2013). In other words, Entrepreneurs runs small business from their homes for gaining advantage from resources for setting up global presence. It requires making social networking sites for gaining concept for social networking in applying for growth of business. Before evolution of internet, there was existence of social networking (Fuller, 2015). Shared network when a particular individual using obtainable contacts for meeting new people as possible sources or any of the commerce links these relations for helping expanding future connections Most of the small as well as local business for attending community events or in case of participating especially in trade shows (Duggan Brenner, 2013). In other words, it get the corporation name or connect with company for obliging capital for network activities. In recent times, Technology makes possible for do online for face-to-face communication. It requires comparing social networking for concepts of degrees of division. This is based upon the thought with two people for connecting with chain of five or less than intermediaries connect. In other words, Social Networking occurs from the usage of social networking sites as well as communities in forming before the evolution of internet (De Vries et al., 2012). These sites joining as well as inviting their established contacts for inviting other individuals at the same time Social Networking Sites creates assistance in case of online networking. In other words, sites are communities for creating for supporting common theme (Fishman et al., 1993). Addition to that, creation of social networking sites like LinkedIn, Facebook and MySpace. This site makes individuals in gaining opportunities for meeting new people as well as associates in their own group of people in and diagonally the world. Business following the trend as MySpace encourages smaller as well as medium-sized business in setting online storefront (Fuchs et al., 2013). This act as a powerful ways for advertising as well as promoting business activities Individuals become friends or fans for updating on current events as well as specials and other essential information for the business in sharing behavior. Using the degree of division idea, new friend will depiction the trade with new set of populace scheduled in the personal acquaintances (Fuchs et al., 2013). It will be treated under online social networking sites for acting as an active member of community or sites. Social Media draws under quick as well easy way for connecting with friends and loved ones (Horst Miller, 2013). Exciting news regarding life can be shared in social media in way of keeping status, pictures and videos. It requires sharing details regarding day for sharing anything in accordance with life. In case of family staying miles away, it renders chance in feeling like fraction of the life with no any airplane tickets or long distance phone calls at the same time. In other words, this probably is the top communal media stage serving the reason in Facebook. Therefore, these particular sites combine status, photos as well as videos for being in the optimal site for sharing of life and other aspects (Vaishnavi Kuechler, 2015). Individuals who are looking for understanding people should move to new town as Twitter offers more opportunities for networking as well as understanding their perspectives. There are mostly Twitter meets up for few people in town. In other words, it is one of the great ways for meeting people in a casual environment (Horst Miller, 2013). Therefore, Twitter utilizes hash tags for talking regarding the people. It can look for the hash tags for the city as well as connecting with people in sharing of information for residing at a place (Horst Miller, 2013). Facebook tells the followers for going on the business as well as Facebook page. In other words, it provides useful information for the followers for engaging activities. It requires unfamiliarity of information for starting up Facebook page (Fuchs et al., 2013). This particular course gains understanding of starting business with Facebook. On the other hand, twitter shares news as well as updates business on quick terms. Unlike Facebook, it is essential for interacting with followers in the near future. It renders chances for finding like-minded people with the help of hash tags as mentioned before. It finds out accounts for relating business in giving news as well as updating for fitting the best interest of individuals. It can interact with from methods as well as finding out new fans for followers in business activities (Vaishnavi Kuechler, 2015). Like preliminary with Facebook for create first tweet as well as ahead group for intimidating activities Twitter has 465 million user as well as overwhelming for deciding for accounts for following the pages (Horst Miller, 2013). In other words, it finds out accounts in relating with business for rendering news as well as updates in fitting the interest of individuals. It gets started with Twitter as well as offers for course for business activities. Instagram is one of the societal medium instruments. Unlike Twitter, it mainly utilize for hash tags for making it easier for in agreement people for discovering trade in the near future (Horst Miller, 2013). This particular social media platform shows great deal in business for showing new arrivals. Taking photos of boutique as well as new arrivals for spring. Social Networking Media is one of the most essential ways for job searching for diving field (Vaishnavi Kuechler, 2015). In other words, hiring managers searching online in candidates names for making good impression for online activities Conclusion In case of business, it is essential for gaining understanding of social media attributes as far as promising. These are the site offering much dissimilar option for sharing in rank by different users. These sites provide various benefits for gaining comfortable position for the people. Facebook is one of the social networking sites allowing users for gaining business on intimate basis. It communicates with status updates as well as photos and messages at the same time. The main key towards successful for Facebook is communication. Patrons post for a query in page for responding for interacting people. It can be seen by showing like option by the followers. Interaction is not the only criteria for getting it noticed by the individuals. It tells followers in business updates with status, photos and links. There are various ways for helping in network professionals in casual ways. It requires hosting of Twitter profile for informational as well as interesting ways in the near future. S ocial Media mastering with friends as well as followers and connections in and around the world Reference List De Vries, L., Gensler, S., Leeflang, P. S. (2012). Popularity of brand posts on brand fan pages: An investigation of the effects of social media marketing. 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